Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma an overview longdom. There are two main forms of nonmelanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous carcinoma ncbi. A squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor in the epidermal layer of a dogs skin. The traditional list of etiological factors related to oral squamous cell carcinoma namely, tobacco, alcohol, syphilis, and oral sepsis has been expanded to include iron deficiency, chronic candidosis, and herpes simplex virus. Conventional squamous cell carcinoma conventional squamous cell carcinoma cssc is the most frequent neoplasm arising from the oral epithelium. Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous carcinoma mol pathol 2000. Pdf squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of all oral cancers.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 21year old female. Oral squamous cell carcinoma msd manual professional edition. The lesions may ulcerate and cause scarring of the oral cavity. Oral squamous cell carcinoma affects about 34,000 people in the us each year. Pdf development and progression of human cancers is a multistep process of genetic alterations. Evidences suggesting involvement of viruses in oral. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common, representing 90 95% of all oral malignancies. It is characterized by a multifactorial aetiology, 15 where the causative role of papillomavirus hpv has been established. Etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma, journal of oral. Etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma binnie, w. Oral squamous cell carcinoma indian journal of cancer. Elsevier etiology and pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma andrew c.
Scc, with a marked increase in lesions related to human papillomavirus infection. Molecular basis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in young. Oral squamous cell carcinoma bioline international. This can be attributed to the fact that about twothirds of persons with oral squamous cell carcinoma already have a. Factors which influence are stage at diagnosis, access to. Premalignant squamous lesions of the oral cavity are areas of altered epithelium that are at an increased risk for progression to squamous cell carcinoma scc. Recent trends have shown a dramatic rise in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma op. Sunexposed sites are the most common locations for squamous cell carcinoma scc in. Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies, 1 especially in developing countries, but also in the developed world 2. Also, this article defines squamous cell carcinoma stages of progression from precancerous to malignant and the various treatment. Squamous cell carcinoma is managed by surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy singularly or in combination. Squamous cell papilloma an overview sciencedirect topics. Etiologic factors associated with oral squamous cell.
The combination of both factors seems to enhance the carcinogenic effect 3, but nearly 15 to 20% of the cases occur in patients without these traditional risk factors 3,4. Oral squamous cell carcinoma ear, nose, and throat. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin etiology bmj best. This malignancy exists in two main forms with distinct etiological and pathological characteristics, squamous cell carcinoma scc and adenocarcinoma. It used to be a rare disease among individuals younger than 40 years, but recently increased incidences in this age group are being reported worldwide.
Oral malignancy or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma hnscc. Pdf etiological trends in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Request pdf on jan 1, 2002, william maloney and others published manifestations and etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Squamous cell carcinoma scc is the most common histology and the main etiological factors are tobacco and alcohol use 3. The global increase in incidence and mortality, as well as the poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc, has intensified efforts in the field of. The etiology behind olp developing into oral squamous cell carcinoma is poorly understood. In the us, 3% of cancers in men and 2% in women are oral squamous cell carcinomas, most of which occur after age 50. Markey, md, mrcp etiology etiologic factors in the development of squamous cell carcinoma scc have been established by a number of epiderniologic studies and further supported by experimental data from laboratory and animal studies. It is sexually acquired, usually described in the tonsillar area, 810 affecting younger, nondrinkers and nonsmokers. The effect of some etiological factors is well established in the. Histological patterns of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients of oral cancer 1166 p j m h s vol. Oral squamous cell carcinoma age stan dar disa tion i s a meth od of adj usti ng rate s to take into a cco unt var iou s age g roup s.
Scc most often affects individuals who are exposed to large amounts of sunlight. Also, this article defines squamous cell carcinoma stages of progression from precancerous to malignant and. Oral carcinogenesis is a molecular and histological multistage process featuring genetic and phenotypic molecular markers which involves. Etiology oral squamous cell carcinoma extrinsic factors tobacco smoke alcohol for vermilion cancers only sunlight intrinsic factors systemic or generalized states malnutrition irondeficiency anemia dyskeratosis congenita fanconi anemia 8. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is the commonest subtype of oral cancer, mainly affecting older patients. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomaan. Histopathology, biology and markers the oral cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma scc is the most commonly encountered malignant oral tumor in cats. Squamous cell carcinoma scc is the most common malignant lesion of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cumulative ultraviolet exposure, most commonly from the sun, and immunosuppression are major risk factors. These tumors often show a desmoplastic reaction scirrhous response in the.
Current literature has predominantly sided with the notion that oral lichen planus olp carries the risk for malignant potential. Cancers of the skin most of which are basal and squamous cell skin cancers are by far the most common of all types of cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma scc is the second most common skin cancer. A portion of the neoplasm is exophytic, with ulcer or erosin on the surface.
Etiology is multifactorial but consumption of tobacco and alcohol is the most important risk factors. Etiology, pathogenesis and prognostic value of genomic alterations. Approximately 90% of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma scc, which is seen typically on the lip or lateral part of the tongue usually as a lump or ulcer that is white, red, or mixed white and red. Etiology and chemoprevention of esophageal squamous cell. It may be difficult to eat, swallow food, or even to speak.
Histological and molecular aspects of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Scc is the most common malignancy of the head and neck excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer. Every year, approximately 500,000 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancers are diagnosed worldwide, and a majority of these cases are seen in developing countries. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cscc is a common cutaneous malignancy that can occur on any surface of the skin. Carcinoma of oral cavity causative and risk factors ecronicon. The etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc in individuals without a history of drinking and. Pdf oral squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis and role of. Histological patterns of oral squamous cell carcinoma in. It may affect any anatomical site in the mouth, but most commonly the tongue and the floor of the mouth.
It has a high prevalence in certain parts of the world, and is associated with a high mortality rate. Etiology and pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. These squamous cell cancers are often referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Hpv infection has been found to disrupt some tumor suppressor genes, thus allowing cervical.
Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of all oral cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinomas of the lip are more common in transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, but hiv infection does not predispose to intra oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral cavity cis has same age and sex distribution as invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma scc males in fifth to eighth decade of life who are smokers and drinkers risk of oral scc increases with age male gender predilection 3. Overall incidence and mortality attributed to oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is. The most common of these lesions is squamous dysplasia in association with leukoplakia and erythroplakia, which is the primary focus of this article. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer.
The treatment of choice is a surgical excision with clear margins followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy, as decided by the healthcare provider. Of the two, squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent but is potentially more devastating and lifethreatening form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Under normal circumstances, certain genes called tumor suppressor genes, keep a check on the growth and division of cervical cells. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is the sixth most common malignancy and is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not uncommon. Overall incidence and mortality attributed to oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is increasing, with current estimates of agestandardized incidence and mortality of 6. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Radiation therapy to a preexisting conventional squamous cell carcinoma is a common antecedent 25 event. Malignant tumor of keratinocytes arising in the epidermis of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 21year old.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the sixth most common human malignancy, although it only accounts for 2% of all cancers in western. It is typically characterized by a red papule or plaque with a scaly or crusted surface. Etiologic factors associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma in. The squamous cell carcinoma may appear as slowgrowing skin lesions. The role of human papillomavirus in oral squamous cell. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is the fifth most common type of cancer in the world. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia premalignant squamous. Oscc is a malignant neoplasm derived from the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa 10. Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers and it constitutes a major health problem particularly in developing countries. The survival rate of oscc patients has not improved over the past decades due to its heterogeneous etiology, genetic aberrations, and treatment outcomes.
Recent studies confirm that oral cancer forms a large part of the cancer load in parts of india. Oral squamous cell carcinomas osccs are among the most common cancers that affect human population worldwide. The overall 5year survival rate for oral cancer has increased from 4553% from 1960 s. Several risk factors have been well characterized to be associated with oscc with substantial evidences. Oral lichen planus with malignant transformation to. Several risk factors have been identified, including the use of flea collars, and a history of feeding canned food and canned tuna. Comparing the salivary levels of vitamin d in patients. Esophageal cancer in humans occurs worldwide with a variable geographic distribution and ranks eighth in order of cancer occurrence, combining both sexes 1, 2. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc represents the most frequent of all oral neoplasms. Other rare variants of oral, head, and neck carcinoma include pseudoglandular, basaloid, and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, the latter two being radiosensitive.
Overview of immunology of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Etiology, pathogenesis and prognostic value of genomic alterations ravi mehrotra, s yadav department of pathology, moti lal nehru medical college, university of allahabad, 162, lowther road, allahabad 211002, india. The human papilloma virus hpv infection is a major cause behind the development of squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc, an epithelial malignancy affecting a variety of subsites in the oral cavity, is prevalent in asia. Oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin, which has a propensity for early metastasis to regional.
Role of porphyromonas gingivalis in oral squamous cell. Oral cancer squamous cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgery alone, or in combination with adjunctive therapy, including radiation, with or without chemotherapy. Second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer worldwide, secondary to basal cell carcinoma. It can appear on the skin, in the nail beds of the toes, or in the mouth. Nnk and nnn in the tobacco products can cause tumors of the oral.
The etiology of this locally invasive tumor is likely multifactorial. Oral squamous cell carcinomas of the lip are more common in transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, but hiv infection does not predispose to intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. This article describes the incidence, genetics, and etiology of squamous cell carcinoma. More than 95% of the carcinomas of the oral cavity are of squamous cell type, in nature. Mouth cancer is a major neoplasm worldwide and theoretically should be largely preventable or detectable at an early stage. Manifestations and etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers that are known collectively as head and neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the head and neck for example, inside the mouth, the nose, and the throat. Exome sequencing of oral squamous cell carcinoma reveals.